PHP Interview Questions
How To Find a Specific Value in an Array?
There are two functions can be used to test if a value is defined in an
array or not:
array_search($value, $array) - Returns the first key of the matching
value in the array, if found. Otherwise, it returns false.
in_array($value, $array) - Returns true if the $value is defined in
$array.
Here is a PHP script on how to use arrary_search(): <?php
$array = array("Perl", "PHP", "Java", "PHP");
print("Search 1: ".array_search("PHP",$array)."\n");
print("Search 2: ".array_search("Perl",$array)."\n");
print("Search 3: ".array_search("C#",$array)."\n");
print("\n");
?>
This script will print: Search 1: 1
Search 2: 0
Search 3:
How To Get All the Keys Out of an Array?
Function array_keys() returns a new array that contains all the keys of
a given array. Here is a PHP script on how to use array_keys(): <?php
$mixed = array();
$mixed["Zero"] = "PHP";
$mixed[1] = "Perl";
$mixed["Two"] = "Java";
$mixed["3"] = "C+";
$mixed[""] = "Basic";
$mixed[] = "Pascal";
$mixed[] = "FORTRAN";
$keys = array_keys($mixed);
print("Keys of the input array:\n");
print_r($keys);
?>
This script will print: Keys of the input array:
Array
(
[0] => Zero
[1] => 1
[2] => Two
[3] => 3
[4] =>
[5] => 4
[6] => 5
)
How To Get All the Values Out of an Array?
Function array_values() returns a new array that contains all the keys
of a given array. Here is a PHP script on how to use array_values(): <?php
$mixed = array();
$mixed["Zero"] = "PHP";
$mixed[1] = "Perl";
$mixed["Two"] = "Java";
$mixed["3"] = "C+";
$mixed[""] = "Basic";
$mixed[] = "Pascal";
$mixed[] = "FORTRAN";
$values = array_values($mixed);
print("Values of the input array:\n");
print_r($values);
?>
This script will print: Values of the input array:
Array
(
[0] => PHP
[1] => Perl
[2] => Java
[3] => C+
[4] => Basic
[5] => Pascal
[6] => FORTRAN
)
How To Sort an Array by Keys?
Sorting an array by keys can be done by using the ksort() function. It
will re-order all pairs of keys and values based on the alphanumeric
order of the keys. Here is a PHP script on how to use ksort(): <?php
$mixed = array();
$mixed["Zero"] = "PHP";
$mixed[1] = "Perl";
$mixed["Two"] = "Java";
$mixed["3"] = "C+";
$mixed[""] = "Basic";
$mixed[] = "Pascal";
$mixed[] = "FORTRAN";
ksort($mixed);
print("Sorted by keys:\n");
print_r($mixed);
?>
This script will print: Sorted by keys:
Array
(
[] => Basic
[Two] => Java
[Zero] => PHP
[1] => Perl
[3] => C+
[4] => Pascal
[5] => FORTRAN
)
How To Sort an Array by Values?
Sorting an array by values is doable by using the sort() function. It
will re-order all pairs of keys and values based on the alphanumeric
order of the values. Then it will replace all keys with integer keys
sequentially starting with 0. So using sort() on arrays with integer
keys (traditional index based array) is safe. It is un-safe to use
sort() on arrays with string keys (maps). Be careful. Here is a PHP
script on how to use sort(): <?php
$mixed = array();
$mixed["Zero"] = "PHP";
$mixed[1] = "Perl";
$mixed["Two"] = "Java";
$mixed["3"] = "C+";
$mixed[""] = "Basic";
$mixed[] = "Pascal";
$mixed[] = "FORTRAN";
sort($mixed);
print("Sorted by values:\n");
print_r($mixed);
?>
This script will print: Sorted by values:
Array
(
[0] => Basic
[1] => C+
[2] => FORTRAN
[3] => Java
[4] => PHP
[5] => Pascal
[6] => Perl
)
How To Join a List of Keys with a List of Values into an Array?
If you have a list keys and a list of values stored separately in two
arrays, you can join them into a single array using the array_combine()
function. It will make the values of the first array to be the keys of
the resulting array, and the values of the second array to be the values
of the resulting array. Here is a PHP script on how to use array_combine():
<?php
$old = array();
$old["Zero"] = "PHP";
$old[1] = "Perl";
$old["Two"] = "Java";
$old["3"] = "C+";
$old[""] = "Basic";
$old[] = "Pascal";
$old[] = "FORTRAN";
$keys = array_keys($old);
$values = array_values($old);
print("Combined:\n");
$new = array_combine($keys, $values);
print_r($new);
print("\n");
print("Combined backward:\n");
$new = array_combine($values, $keys);
print_r($new);
print("\n");
?>
This script will print: Combined:
Array
(
[Zero] => PHP
[1] => Perl
[Two] => Java
[3] => C+
[] => Basic
[4] => Pascal
[5] => FORTRAN
)
Combined backward:
Array
(
[PHP] => Zero
[Perl] => 1
[Java] => Two
[C+] => 3
[Basic] =>
[Pascal] => 4
[FORTRAN] => 5
)
How To Merge Values of Two Arrays into a Single Array?
You can use the array_merge() function to merge two arrays into a single
array. array_merge() appends all pairs of keys and values of the second
array to the end of the first array. Here is a PHP script on how to use
array_merge(): <?php
$lang = array("Perl", "PHP", "Java",);
$os = array("i"=>"Windows", "ii"=>"Unix", "iii"=>"Mac");
$mixed = array_merge($lang, $os);
print("Merged:\n");
print_r($mixed);
?>
This script will print: Merged:
Array
(
[0] => Perl
[1] => PHP
[2] => Java
[i] => Windows
[ii] => Unix
[iii] => Mac
)
How To Use an Array as a Queue?
A queue is a simple data structure that manages data elements following
the first-in-first-out rule. You use the following two functions
together to use an array as a queue:
array_push($array, $value) - Pushes a new value to the end of an array.
The value will be added with an integer key like $array[]=$value.
array_shift($array) - Remove the first value from the array and returns
it. All integer keys will be reset sequentially starting from 0.
Here is a PHP script on how to use an array as a queue: <?php
$waitingList = array();
array_push($waitingList, "Jeo");
array_push($waitingList, "Leo");
array_push($waitingList, "Kim");
$next = array_shift($waitingList);
array_push($waitingList, "Kia");
$next = array_shift($waitingList);
array_push($waitingList, "Sam");
print("Current waiting list:\n");
print_r($waitingList);
?>
This script will print: Current waiting list:
Array
(
[0] => Kim
[1] => Kia
[2] => Sam
)
How To Use an Array as a Stack?
A stack is a simple data structure that manages data elements following
the first-in-last-out rule. You use the following two functions together
to use an array as a stack:
array_push($array, $value) - Pushes a new value to the end of an array.
The value will be added with an integer key like $array[]=$value.
array_pop($array) - Remove the last value from the array and returns it.
Here is a PHP script on how to use an array as a queue: <?php
$waitingList = array();
array_push($waitingList, "Jeo");
array_push($waitingList, "Leo");
array_push($waitingList, "Kim");
$next = array_pop($waitingList);
array_push($waitingList, "Kia");
$next = array_pop($waitingList);
array_push($waitingList, "Sam");
print("Current waiting list:\n");
print_r($waitingList);
?>
This script will print: Current waiting list:
Array
(
[0] => Jeo
[1] => Leo
[2] => Sam
)
How To Randomly Retrieve a Value from an Array?
If you have a list of favorite greeting messages, and want to randomly
select one of them to be used in an email, you can use the array_rand()
function. Here is a PHP example script: <?php
$array = array("Hello!", "Hi!", "Allo!", "Hallo!", "Coucou!");
$key = array_rand($array);
print("Random greeting: ".$array[$key]."\n");
?>
This script will print: Random greeting: Coucou!
How To Loop through an Array without Using "foreach"?
PHP offers the following functions to allow you loop through an array
without using the "foreach" statement:
reset($array) - Moves the array internal pointer to the first value of
the array and returns that value.
end($array) - Moves the array internal pointer to the last value in the
array and returns that value.
next($array) - Moves the array internal pointer to the next value in the
array and returns that value.
prev($array) - Moves the array internal pointer to the previous value in
the array and returns that value.
current($array) - Returns the value pointed by the array internal
pointer.
key($array) - Returns the key pointed by the array internal pointer.
each($array) - Returns the key and the value pointed by the array
internal pointer as an array and moves the pointer to the next value.
Here is a PHP script on how to loop through an array without using "foreach":
<?php
$array = array("Zero"=>"PHP", "One"=>"Perl", "Two"=>"Java");
print("Loop with each():\n");
reset($array);
while (list($key, $value) = each($array)) {
print("[$key] => $value\n");
}
print("\n");
print("Loop with current():\n");
reset($array);
while ($value = current($array)) {
print("$value\n");
next($array);
}
print("\n");
?>
This script will print: Loop with each():
[Zero] => PHP
[One] => Perl
[Two] => Java
Loop with current():
PHP
Perl
Java
How To Create an Array with a Sequence of Integers or Characters?
The quickest way to create an array with a sequence of integers or
characters is to use the range() function. It returns an array with
values starting with the first integer or character, and ending with the
second integer or character. Here is a PHP script on how to use range():
<?php
print("Integers:\n");
$integers = range(1, 20, 3);
print_r($integers);
print("\n");
print("Characters:\n");
$characters = range("X", "c");
print_r($characters);
print("\n");
?>
This script will print: Integers:
Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => 4
[2] => 7
[3] => 10
[4] => 13
[5] => 16
[6] => 19
)
Characters:
Array
(
[0] => X
[1] => Y
[2] => Z
[3] => [
[4] => \
[5] => ]
[6] => ^
[7] => _
[8] => `
[9] => a
[10] => b
[11] => c
)
Of course, you can create an array with a sequence of integers or
characters using a loop. But range() is much easier and quicker to use.
How To Pad an Array with the Same Value Multiple Times?
If you want to add the same value multiple times to the end or beginning
of an array, you can use the array_pad($array, $new_size, $value)
function. If the second argument, $new_size, is positive, it will pad to
the end of the array. If negative, it will pad to the beginning of the
array. If the absolute value of $new_size if not greater than the
current size of the array, no padding takes place. Here is a PHP script
on how to use array_pad(): <?php
$array = array("Zero"=>"PHP", "One"=>"Perl", "Two"=>"Java");
$array = array_pad($array, 6, ">>");
$array = array_pad($array, -8, "---");
print("Padded:\n");
print(join(",", array_values($array)));
print("\n");
?>
This script will print: Padded:
---,---,PHP,Perl,Java,>>,>>,>>
How To Truncate an Array?
If you want to remove a chunk of values from an array, you can use the
array_splice($array, $offset, $length) function. $offset defines the
starting position of the chunk to be removed. If $offset is positive, it
is counted from the beginning of the array. If negative, it is counted
from the end of the array. array_splice() also returns the removed chunk
of values. Here is a PHP script on how to use array_splice(): <?php
$array = array("Zero"=>"PHP", "One"=>"Perl", "Two"=>"Java");
$removed = array_splice($array, -2, 2);
print("Remaining chunk:\n");
print_r($array);
print("\n");
print("Removed chunk:\n");
print_r($removed);
?>
This script will print: Remaining chunk:
Array
(
[Zero] => PHP
)
Removed chunk:
Array
(
[One] => Perl
[Two] => Java
)
How To Join Multiple Strings Stored in an Array into a Single String?
If you multiple strings stored in an array, you can join them together
into a single string with a given delimiter by using the implode()
function. Here is a PHP script on how to use implode(): <?php
$date = array('01', '01', '2006');
$keys = array('php', 'string', 'function');
print("A formated date: ".implode("/",$date)."\n");
print("A keyword list: ".implode(", ",$keys)."\n");
?>
This script will print: A formated date: 01/01/2006
A keyword list: php, string, function
How To Split a String into an Array of Substring?
There are two functions you can use to split a string into an Array of
Substring:
explode(substring, string) - Splitting a string based on a substring.
Faster than split().
split(pattern, string) - Splitting a string based on a regular
expression pattern. Better than explode() in handling complex cases.
Both functions will use the given criteria, substring or pattern, to
find the splitting points in the string, break the string into pieces at
the splitting points, and return the pieces in an array. Here is a PHP
script on how to use explode() and split(): <?php
$list = explode("_","php_strting_function.html");
print("explode() returns:\n");
print_r($list);
$list = split("[_.]","php_strting_function.html");
print("split() returns:\n");
print_r($list);
?>
This script will print: explode() returns:
Array
(
[0] => php
[1] => strting
[2] => function.html
)
split() returns:
Array
(
[0] => php
[1] => strting
[2] => function
[3] => html
)
The output shows you the power of power of split() with a regular
expression pattern as the splitting criteria. Pattern "[_.]" tells
split() to split whenever there is a "_" or ".".
How To Get the Minimum or Maximum Value of an Array?
If you want to get the minimum or maximum value of an array, you can use
the min() or max() function. Here is a PHP script on how to use min()
and max(): <?php
$array = array(5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2);
print("Minimum number: ".min($array)."\n");
print("Maximum number: ".max($array)."\n");
$array = array("Zero"=>"PHP", "One"=>"Perl", "Two"=>"Java");
print("Minimum string: ".min($array)."\n");
print("Maximum string: ".max($array)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Minimum number: 1
Maximum number: 7
Minimum string: Java
Maximum string: Perl
As you can see, min() and max() work for string values too.
How To Define a User Function?
You can define a user function anywhere in a PHP script using the
function statement like this: "function name() {...}". Here is a PHP
script example on how to define a user function: <?php
function msg() {
print("Hello world!\n");
}
msg();
?>
This script will print: Hello world!
How To Invoke a User Function?
You can invoke a function by entering the function name followed by a
pair of parentheses. If needed, function arguments can be specified as a
list of expressions enclosed in parentheses. Here is a PHP script
example on how to invoke a user function: <?php
function hello($f) {
print("Hello $f!\n");
}
hello("Bob");
?>
This script will print: Hello Bob!
How To Return a Value Back to the Function Caller?
You can return a value to the function caller by using the "return
$value" statement. Execution control will be transferred to the caller
immediately after the return statement. If there are other statements in
the function after the return statement, they will not be executed. Here
is a PHP script example on how to return values: <?php
function getYear() {
$year = date("Y");
return $year;
}
print("This year is: ".getYear()."\n");
?>
This script will print: This year is: 2006
How To Pass an Argument to a Function?
To pass an argument to a function, you need to:
Add an argument definition in the function definition.
Add a value as an argument when invoking the function.
Here is a PHP script on how to use arguments in a function(): <?php
function f2c($f) {
return ($f - 32.0)/1.8;
}
print("Celsius: ".f2c(100.0)."\n");
print("Celsius: ".f2c(-40.0)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Celsius: 37.777777777778
Celsius: -40
How Variables Are Passed Through Arguments? Like more of other programming languages, variables are passed through
arguments by values, not by references. That means when a variable is
passed as an argument, a copy of the value will be passed into the
function. Modipickzyng that copy inside the function will not impact the
original copy. Here is a PHP script on passing variables by values: <?php
function swap($a, $b) {
$t = $a;
$a = $b;
$b = $t;
}
$x = "PHP";
$y = "JSP";
print("Before swapping: $x, $y\n");
swap($x, $y);
print("After swapping: $x, $y\n");
?>
This script will print: Before swapping: PHP, JSP
After swapping: PHP, JSP
As you can see, original variables were not affected.
How To Pass Variables By References?
You can pass a variable by reference to a function by taking the
reference of the original variable, and passing that reference as the
calling argument. Here is a PHP script on how to use pass variables by
references: <?php
function swap($a, $b) {
$t = $a;
$a = $b;
$b = $t;
}
$x = "PHP";
$y = "JSP";
print("Before swapping: $x, $y\n");
swap(&$x, &$y);
print("After swapping: $x, $y\n");
?>
This script will print: Before swapping: PHP, JSP
After swapping: JSP, PHP
As you can see, the function modified the original variable.
Note that call-time pass-by-reference has been deprecated. You need to
define arguments as references. See next tip for details.
Can You Define an Argument as a Reference Type?
You can define an argument as a reference type in the function
definition. This will automatically convert the calling arguments into
references. Here is a PHP script on how to define an argument as a
reference type: <?php
function ref_swap(&$a, &$b) {
$t = $a;
$a = $b;
$b = $t;
}
$x = "PHP";
$y = "JSP";
print("Before swapping: $x, $y\n");
ref_swap($x, $y);
print("After swapping: $x, $y\n");
?>
This script will print: Before swapping: PHP, JSP
After swapping: JSP, PHP
Can You Pass an Array into a Function?
You can pass an array into a function in the same as a normal variable.
No special syntax needed. Here is a PHP script on how to pass an array
to a function: <?php
function average($array) {
$sum = array_sum($array);
$count = count($array);
return $sum/$count;
}
$numbers = array(5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2);
print("Average: ".average($numbers)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Average: 3.75
How Arrays Are Passed Through Arguments?
Like a normal variable, an array is passed through an argument by value,
not by reference. That means when an array is passed as an argument, a
copy of the array will be passed into the function. Modipickzyng that
copy inside the function will not impact the original copy. Here is a
PHP script on passing arrays by values: <?php
function shrink($array) {
array_splice($array,1);
}
$numbers = array(5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2);
print("Before shrinking: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
shrink($numbers);
print("After shrinking: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Before shrinking: 5,7,6,2,1,3,4,2
After shrinking: 5,7,6,2,1,3,4,2
As you can see, original variables were not affected.
How To Pass Arrays By References?
Like normal variables, you can pass an array by reference into a
function by taking a reference of the original array, and passing the
reference to the function. Here is a PHP script on how to pass array as
reference: <?php
function shrink($array) {
array_splice($array,1);
}
$numbers = array(5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2);
print("Before shrinking: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
shrink(&$numbers);
print("After shrinking: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Before shrinking: 5,7,6,2,1,3,4,2
After shrinking: 5
Note that call-time pass-by-reference has been deprecated. You need to
define arguments as references. See next tip for details.
Can You Define an Array Argument as a Reference Type?
You can define an array argument as a reference type in the function
definition. This will automatically convert the calling arguments into
references. Here is a PHP script on how to define an array argument as a
reference type: <?php
function ref_shrink(&$array) {
array_splice($array,1);
}
$numbers = array(5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2);
print("Before shrinking: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
ref_shrink($numbers);
print("After shrinking: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
?>
This script will print: BBefore shrinking: 5,7,6,2,1,3,4,2
After shrinking: 5
How To Return an Array from a Function?
You can return an array variable like a normal variable using the return
statement. No special syntax needed. Here is a PHP script on how to
return an array from a function: <?php
function powerBall() {
$array = array(rand(1,55), rand(1,55), rand(1,55),
rand(1,55), rand(1,55), rand(1,42));
return $array;
}
$numbers = powerBall();
print("Lucky numbers: ".join(",",$numbers)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Lucky numbers: 35,24,15,7,26,15
If you like those nummers, take them to buy a PowerBall ticket.
What Is the Scope of a Variable Defined in a Function?
The scope of a local variable defined in a function is limited with that
function. Once the function is ended, its local variables are also
removed. So you can not access any local variable outside its defining
function. Here is a PHP script on the scope of local variables in a
function: <?php
?>
function myPassword() {
$password = "U8FIE8W0";
print("Defined inside the function? ". isset($password)."\n");
}
myPassword();
print("Defined outside the function? ". isset($password)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Defined inside the function? 1
Defined outside the function?
What Is the Scope of a Variable Defined outside a Function?
A variable defined outside any functions in main script body is called
global variable. However, a global variable is not really accessible
globally any in the script. The scope of global variable is limited to
all statements outside any functions. So you can not access any global
variables inside a function. Here is a PHP script on the scope of global
variables: <?php
?>
$login = "pickzycenter";
function myLogin() {
print("Defined inside the function? ". isset($login)."\n");
}
myLogin();
print("Defined outside the function? ". isset($login)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Defined inside the function?
Defined outside the function? 1
How To Access a Global Variable inside a Function?
By default, global variables are not accessible inside a function.
However, you can make them accessible by declare them as "global" inside
a function. Here is a PHP script on declaring "global" variables: <?php
?>
$intRate = 5.5;
function myAccount() {
global $intRate;
print("Defined inside the function? ". isset($intRate)."\n");
}
myAccount();
print("Defined outside the function? ". isset($intRate)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Defined inside the function? 1
Defined outside the function? 1
How Values Are Returned from Functions?
If a value is returned from a function, it is returned by value, not by
reference. That means that a copy of the value is return. Here is a PHP
script on how values are returned from a function: <?php
$favor = "vbulletin";
function getFavor() {
global $favor;
return $favor;
}
$myFavor = getFavor();
print("Favorite tool: $myFavor\n");
$favor = "phpbb";
print("Favorite tool: $myFavor\n");
?>
This script will print: Favorite tool: vbulletin
Favorite tool: vbulletin
As you can see, changing the value in $favor does not affect $myFavor.
This proves that the function returns a new copy of $favor.
How To Return a Reference from a Function?
To return a reference from a function, you need to:
Add the reference operator "&" when defining the function.
Add the reference operator "&" when invoking the function.
Here is a PHP script on how to return a reference from a function: <?php
$favor = "vbulletin";
function &getFavorRef() {
global $favor;
return $favor;
}
$myFavor = &getFavorRef();
print("Favorite tool: $myFavor\n");
$favor = "phpbb";
print("Favorite tool: $myFavor\n");
?>
This script will print: Favorite tool: vbulletin
Favorite tool: phpbb
As you can see, changing the value in $favor does affect $myFavor,
because $myFavor is a reference to $favor.
How To Specify Argument Default Values?
If you want to allow the caller to skip an argument when calling a
function, you can define the argument with a default value when defining
the function. Adding a default value to an argument can be done like
this "function name($arg=expression){}. Here is a PHP script on how to
specify default values to arguments: <?php
function printKey($key="download") {
print("PHP $key\n");
}
printKey();
printKey("hosting");
print("\n");
?>
This script will print: PHP download
PHP hosting
How To Define a Function with Any Number of Arguments?
If you want to define a function with any number of arguments, you need
to:
Declare the function with no argument.
Call func_num_args() in the function to get the number of the arguments.
Call func_get_args() in the function to get all the arguments in an
array.
Here is a PHP script on how to handle any number of arguments: <?php
function myAverage() {
$count = func_num_args();
$args = func_get_args();
$sum = array_sum($args);
return $sum/$count;
}
$average = myAverage(102, 121, 105);
print("Average 1: $average\n");
$average = myAverage(102, 121, 105, 99, 101, 110, 116, 101, 114);
print("Average 2: $average\n");
?>
This script will print: Average 1: 109.33333333333
Average 2: 107.66666666667
How To Read a Text File into an Array?
If you have a text file with multiple lines, and you want to read those
lines into an array, you can use the file() function. It opens the
specified file, reads all the lines, puts each line as a value in an
array, and returns the array to you. Here is a PHP script example on how
to use file(): <?php
$lines = file("/windows/system32/drivers/etc/services");
foreach ($lines as $line) {
$line = rtrim($line);
print("$line\n");
# more statements...
}
?>
This script will print: # This file contains port numbers for well-known
services
echo 7/tcp
ftp 21/tcp
telnet 23/tcp
smtp 25/tcp
...
Note that file() breaks lines right after the new line character "\n".
Each line will contain the "\n" at the end. This is why we suggested to
use rtrime() to remove "\n".
Also note that, if you are on Unix system, your Internet service file is
located at "/etc/services".
How To Read the Entire File into a Single String?
If you have a file, and you want to read the entire file into a single
string, you can use the file_get_contents() function. It opens the
specified file, reads all characters in the file, and returns them in a
single string. Here is a PHP script example on how to file_get_contents():
<?php
$file = file_get_contents("/windows/system32/drivers/etc/services");
print("Size of the file: ".strlen($file)."\n");
?>
This script will print: Size of the file: 7116
How To Open a File for Reading?
If you want to open a file and read its contents piece by piece, you can
use the fopen($fileName, "r") function. It opens the specified file, and
returns a file handle. The second argument "r" tells PHP to open the
file for reading. Once the file is open, you can use other functions to
read data from the file through this file handle. Here is a PHP script
example on how to use fopen() for reading: <?php
$file = fopen("/windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts", "r");
print("Type of file handle: " . gettype($file) . "\n");
print("The first line from the file handle: " . fgets($file));
fclose($file);
?>
This script will print: Type of file handle: resource
The first line from the file handle: # Copyright (c) 1993-1999
Note that you should always call fclose() to close the opened file when
you are done with the file.
How To Open a File for Writing?
If you want to open a new file and write date to the file, you can use
the fopen($fileName, "w") function. It creates the specified file, and
returns a file handle. The second argument "w" tells PHP to open the
file for writing. Once the file is open, you can use other functions to
write data to the file through this file handle. Here is a PHP script
example on how to use fopen() for writing: <?php
$file = fopen("/temp/todo.txt", "w");
fwrite($file,"Download PHP scripts at dev.pickzycenter.com.\r\n");
fclose($file);
?>
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